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No matter what you think of him, Napoléon certainly did a number on this world. And whether it’s as the savior of revolutionary France or the scourge of Western civilization, his name keeps on keeping on. Of course, not everything “Napoléon” adds luster to his legacy. Here are a few examples to prove it.
Sadly, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (aka Napoléon II, or, as we like to call him, “the Deuce”), never had a chance to fill his father’s shoes. Despite being the son of Emperor Napoléon I, and garnering the title King of Rome at birth in 1811, poor Napoléon II never ruled anything. By the time of his fourth birthday, the First French Empire had already collapsed. Then, after Napoléon I’s brief return to power and his final military defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the emperor abdicated in favor of his son. This proved a futile gesture, however. The brilliantly resourceful statesman Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, a high official in Napoléon’s government, had arranged for Louis XVIII to take over a new royalist government. Napoléon’s escape from exile on the island of Elba and his short-lived return as emperor didn’t convince the French senate to anoint young Napoléon II instead of Louis XVIII.
That wasn’t the worst of it for junior, however. Under formal terms of the treaty ending the Napoleonic Wars, young Napoléon also was barred from ever ruling his mother’s Italian lands. As duke of Reichstadt (a title based on his mother’s Hapsburg lineage), Napoléon the younger spent his short life essentially under guard in Austria, where he died of tuberculosis in 1832. He wasn’t confined to Austria forever, though. In 1940, a fellow with an even more nefarious name, Adolf Hitler, disinterred Napoléon’s body and sent it packing to Paris, where it could be entombed beside his father’s.

A Napoleon complex is nothing more than an inferiority complex that vertically challenged individuals self-treat with an unhealthy dose of belligerence, a healthy pursuit of achievement, or both. Think of the tough little brawler, eager to take on all challengers—especially big ones. Think of singer-songwriter Paul Simon (5-foot-3) and actors Judy Garland (4-foot-11), Danny DeVito (5-feet), Michael J. Fox (5-foot-4), and David Spade (5-foot-7). Then there are basketball’s Earl Boykins (5-foot-5) and football’s Wayne Chrebet and Doug Flutie (both 5-foot-10). Overachievers all. Think of Britain’s prime minister Winston Churchill, for that matter, or Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. At 5-feet, 6-inches each (the same, by modern measure, as Napoléon I), either of the World War II–era leaders could have had the complex named after him if Napoléon had not gotten there first.
The idea of a psychological “complex,” by the way, wasn’t around in Napoléon’s time. It arose in 1899, with the publication of Sigmund Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams. In that groundbreaking book, Vienna’s pioneer of psychoanalysis introduced the term “Oedipus complex,” referring to a child’s repressed sexual desire for the parent of the opposite gender. Freud can’t claim “Napoléon complex,” however. It seems to have arisen in the early 1900s as a casual term, more a backhanded insult than a psychological diagnosis.
George Orwell’s 1945 novel Animal Farm tells of a revolt strikingly close to the one that transformed the Russian Empire into the Soviet Union. That is, except for one minor detail: Orwell’s rebels and revolutionaries are a bunch of animals (in the farm sense of the word). Feeling a little oppressed, Mr. Jones’s barnyard creatures turn against their owner, drive him off the land, and begin running things themselves under an “all animals are equal” banner.
However, idealism crumbles pretty quickly as an unscrupulous pig named (you guessed it!) Napoleon wrests control, turns on his comrades, and becomes more tyrannical than old Jones ever was. In fact, the sacred “all animals are equal” mantra quickly finds itself warped into something significantly less utopian: “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” In an allegorical sense, Napoleon stands for the USSR’s Stalin. But the evil porker’s name, after the corporal who hijacked the French Revolution, certainly fits.
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. premiered in 1964 as TV’s answer to the James Bond movies, and each episode was packed with espionage, intrigue, sophistication, and action. With Robert Vaughn in the role of Napoleon Solo, a dashing secret agent and ladies’ man, the show’s popularity grew through the first two seasons. In season three, however, the producers fell under the spell of the competing TV series Batman, starring Adam West. Impressed by the ratings Batman was drawing with its tongue-in-cheek comedy approach to action-adventure, they began taking The Man from U.N.C.L.E. in distinctly comic book directions. The lowest comic denominator didn’t work out for the show’s ratings, though, and Solo quickly degenerated from sophisticated to camp. In the worst episode, Vaughn danced with a man in a gorilla suit.
Until 2000, Napoleon Chagnon was known as author of the best-selling anthropology text of all time: Yanomamö: The Fierce People. But since then, his research has been mired in controversy. The anthropologist, along with geneticist James Neel, inoculated many of the Venezuelan tribe’s members. Unfortunately, it was right about this time that the Yanomami experienced their first-ever measles epidemic, leading to thousands of deaths in the region and reducing the tribe to half its original size.
Coincidence? Perhaps. Allegations against Chagnon have divided the anthropological community. Many defend the expedition, claiming it would be impossible for a vaccine to spark such an outbreak. Critics, however, point to the expedition’s financier, the Atomic Energy Commission, as proof that the accused were using the Yanomami as human test subjects. Either way, the scandal raised serious questions about the practices of studying indigenous peoples.
What’s terrible about one part Napoléon Mandarin Liqueur to three parts vodka with an orange peel twist? Nothing, we guess, unless you’re a martini purist. No offense to Chez Napoléon on West 50th Street in Manhattan, where the Napoléon Complex is a bartender’s specialty, but we’ll take ours classic: fine, juniper-scented gin (not vodka); the merest suggestion of dry vermouth (wave the vermouth bottle in the general vicinity of the shaker); and a fat, green, pimento-stuffed olive on a toothpick.
This article was excerpted from Forbidden Knowledge: A Wickedly Smart Guide to History’s Naughtiest Bits. You can pick up a copy in the mental_floss store.
what about the fact that 3 running backs for the raiders have been named napoleon? what the hell? napoleon harris, napoleon mccallum, napoleon kaufman..?
posted by giles on 11-10-2008 at 11:53 pm
Men who are 5′10″ are considered short?!
posted by Logan on 11-11-2008 at 1:26 am
For some reason I always think of Neopolitan icecream as Napoleon icecream, so I was very confused when I saw it missing from this list!
posted by Doug on 11-11-2008 at 8:19 am
@Logan: Not in every day society but in football at the position of QB, generally players are never shorter than 6′0″…Drew Brees for instance is listed at 6′0″ and everyone considers him to be undersized (Peyton Manning and Ben Rothercheeseburger are like 6′5″ for comparison). Same for WR. Most WRs are 6′2″ or taller to be considered a good size, however, if you have guys like Wes Welker, Wayne Chrebet and others that get to the 6′0″ and under range, they are all considered “short”. Defensive backs and running backs are really the only position where height isn’t much of an issue…speed and altheticism rules there.
@Doug: Haha…I was thinking the same thing.
I remember reading that Napoleon wasn’t nearly as short as people used to think (5′6″ obviously isn’t nearly as short as one would have guessed him to be). In fact it was due to his large body guards that he kept by his side that Napoleon always appeared to be much shorts than he really was.
posted by Mike James on 11-11-2008 at 9:05 am
I too was looking for the ice cream… I should get a refill on my coffee, stat!
posted by Pam on 11-11-2008 at 9:29 am
Napoleon was actually an artillery officer, not a corporal. For “corporals that become megalomaniacal dictators”, see that Hitler guy. 5′6″ wasn’t that short in those days either, Lincoln was considered a bit of a giant at 6′4″!
posted by Flandall on 11-11-2008 at 9:49 am
There’s always Napoleon III…
And of course, Napoleon XIV….
posted by Dianne on 11-11-2008 at 10:20 am
Napoleon, Ohio. In northwest Ohio. My sister’s family (and a few thousand other people) live there.
posted by Rachel on 11-11-2008 at 11:00 am
mmm napoleon pastries
posted by anonymous on 11-11-2008 at 11:42 am
Let’s not forget Napoleon Dynamite everybody… he’s pretty much the best Napoleon that I know of…
Also for anyone who was into Ninja Turtles, Genghis Frog’s cousin was named Napoleon Bonafrog (I had both action figures)
posted by Colin GG on 11-11-2008 at 1:37 pm
I think the coolest thing ever named after Napoleon would have to be bologna. When I was a kid, I remember seeing commercials for Napolean Bolognapart. Sadly, I don’t think they still make it.
posted by Monica on 11-11-2008 at 5:59 pm
Yummy yummy Napoleon pastries!!
posted by Lisa on 11-11-2008 at 6:20 pm
I was going to ask where Napoleon Dynamite was, too–but Colin GG beat me to it!
And the article doesn’t say Napoleon was 5′6″, it says his height during his time was the equivalent of what 5′6″ would be in ours.
posted by Orange on 11-11-2008 at 6:20 pm
There’s also Napoleon, Indiana, where I grew up. Even had a restaurant called “Bonaparte’s Retreat” with an image of ol’ shorty himself on the facade.
We had a lot of small towns with grand names in the area. Besides Napoleon (pop. 230), there was also Milan (pronounced MY-lan), and Versailles (pronounced Ver-SALES).
posted by Ryan on 11-11-2008 at 7:11 pm
Napoleon Dynamite was not named after Bonaparte. Listen to the commentary on the DVD.
posted by Admiral Byrd on 11-12-2008 at 12:59 pm
The was a “Napoleon Dynamite” long before the movie of the same name — it was a pseudonym for Elvis Costello (which was itself a pseudonym for Declan MacManus).
So there!
posted by All This Useless Beauty... on 11-12-2008 at 4:57 pm