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		<title>Book Excerpt: The Physics of Superheroes</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/41006</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 19:21:09 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[James Kakalios is a comic book aficionado. As a professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Minnesota, he’s been teaching the very popular course “Everything I Needed to Know About Physics I Learned From Reading Comic Books” since 1988. Today we&#8217;re excited to publish this excerpt from the new second [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>James Kakalios is a comic book aficionado. As a professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Minnesota, he’s been teaching the very popular course “Everything I Needed to Know About Physics I Learned From Reading Comic Books” since 1988. Today we&#8217;re excited to publish this excerpt from the new second edition of his book, </em><a href="http://www.physicsofsuperheroes.com/">The Physics of Superheroes</a><em>. Enjoy!</em></p>
<h4>Fresh Air Underwater?</h4>
<p><a href="http://www.physicsofsuperheroes.com/"><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/physics-of-superheroes.jpg" alt="physics-of-superheroes" title="physics-of-superheroes" width="200" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-41008" /></a>The most striking ability of Aquaman, as well as that of Marvel Comics Prince Namor, the Sub-Mariner, and all the other denizens of comic books’ many distinct underwater cities of Atlantis, is the ability to extract oxygen directly underwater. Without this superpower, there doesn’t seem to be much point to being a water-based superhero. <strong>It turns out that this is the one special power that requires the smallest miracle exception from the laws of nature. Why shouldn’t Aquaman breath through water—after all, we do!</strong><br />
<br />
Everyone knows that drowning results when the lungs fill up with water. What is less commonly recognized is that normal breathing would be impossible without a small amount of water in the lungs. Fresh air comes in through the nose, and travels down the bronchial tube, where it is warmed to the body’s temperature and pre moistened. In fact, the air has to be at 100 percent relative humidity as it moves down the ever more finely branching tubes on its way to the alveoli—small little spherical buds where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. These pockets are roughly 0.1 to 0.3 mm in diameter, smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. On the other side of the walls of the alveolar bud are the capillaries—very narrow blood vessels in which plasma and red blood cells flow to drop off carbon dioxide molecules and pick up oxygen molecules on their way to the heart. The capillaries are narrow for the same reason that the alveolar spheres are so small—to maximize the ratio of surface area to volume. Since the gas exchange takes place only through the walls of the alveoli and the capillaries, the more surface area there is, the more regions there are for possible gas diffusion to occur.<span id="more-41006"></span></p>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/aquaman.jpg" alt="aquaman" title="aquaman" width="250" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-41017" />There has to be some transition for these gas molecules between the interior of the alveoli—which are connected through the bronchial tubes to the outside world—and the capillaries that carry the blood. This is provided by a thin coating of water on the interior of the alveolar surface. This water layer facilitates the transfer of gases by ensuring that the inner cell walls of the alveoli do not become dried out by direct contact with air, which would cause them to lose their functionality. Only after it is has dissolved from the gas phase to the liquid phase can an oxygen molecule diffuse through the two cell walls and get picked up by speeding red blood cells. The alveoli can be considered air bubbles in water, and we could not breathe without (a little) water in our lungs, though, just as so often in life, too much of something turns a necessity lethal. Aquaman, who lacks the gills of a fish that facilitate our finny friends’ oxygen extraction directly from the surrounding water, must have some sort of super power adaptation that enables him to continue breathing even when completely underwater.<br />
<br />
But even this very thin water layer in the alveoli should be physically capable of causing asphyxiation. The same physics responsible for glistening dewdrops should produce acute shortness of breath, or worse. The magnitude of surface tension in the water layer is sufficient to cause the small alveolar buds to close up entirely, so that even deep breaths would not be enough to provide the necessary pressure to drive the oxygen molecules into the bloodstream. What saves us from choking on an amount of water that could not fully fill a thimble? Soap!</p>
<p>Surface tension is the name given to the pulling force that results from the attraction of molecules in the fluid (let’s say water) to each other. Such an attractive force must of course exist—or else the atoms or molecules in the liquid would fly away from each other as they return to the vapor state. For most liquids, this force is a relatively weak electrostatic cling (called the van der Waals attraction) that arises from fluctuating charge distributions in the molecule. The force can’t be too strong, for the water molecules must be able to move past each other and flow through hoses or fill up the volume of a container in exactly the manner that a solid doesn’t. We’ll discuss van der Waals later on, when we consider the physics that enables gecko lizards and Spider-Man to climb up walls and across ceilings.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/aquaman-2.jpg" alt="aquaman-2" title="aquaman-2" width="200" height="289" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-41018" />This attractive force tends to pull the water molecules equally in all directions—it is not stronger in the up-down direction than it is in the left-right direction. For water molecules in the middle of a liquid, the pull is balanced on all sides. A molecule on the surface of the liquid only feels an attractive pull from the water molecules beneath it, as the air above does not exert an upward attractive pull. These surface molecules therefore experience a net downward pull that curls the water into a perfectly spherical drop in the absence of gravity. For water on a blade of grass at dawn, condensing from the atmosphere owing to the lower temperatures in the absence of sunlight, the water adheres to the surface of the grass, and surface tension curves the top layer of the morning dew into a hemisphere. This curved surface of water acts as a lens, concentrating the early-morning sun’s rays and accounting for the glistening light of dawn before the sun rises higher in the sky and the more intense sunlight evaporates the water droplets.</p>
<p>This tendency of water to curve is less charming when it forces the walls of our alveoli to constrict, requiring extreme pressures to keep the air buds open. When faced with the problem of decreasing the surface tension in alveolian water in the development of our physiology, natural selection chose the same solution we employ when washing our clothing. The cells in the alveolar walls generate a substance known as “pulmonary surfactant.” The first term just refers to the lungs, while a “surfactant” is a long, skinny molecule with different chemical groups at either end. Electrostatic interactions result in one end of this molecule being attracted to the charge distributions in water molecules, while the other end is repelled by those same charges. If the long skinny molecule is fairly rigid, like a spine, then a large collection of such molecules will orient themselves so that all of the regions that are repelled by water are pointing in one direction (typically where there is a low concentration of water), while those ends that are attracted to water will extend into the fluid. The region where the surfactant molecules can satisfy both ends at the same time is at the water-air interface, with the water-attracting end inserted into the water and the water-avoiding end protruding out into the air. In such a configuration, the surfactant interferes with the water-water bonding at the surface of the water layer. This reduces the cohesive force between water molecules that was the source of the surface tension. Without pulmonary surfactants, the alveoli—essentially air bubbles in water—are unable to effectively facilitate gas exchange with the bloodstream. These crucial surfactants do not develop in the fetus until late in its gestation, which is why premature babies may suffer from respiratory distress syndrome, an often-fatal condition prior to the development of effective artificial surfactants.</p>
<p>A moment ago I referred to the reason why surface tension arising from even a thin layer of water in the lungs does not kill us as “soap.” While not technically correct, in that pulmonary surfactants are not soaps, the converse is true, in that soaps are surfactants, with water-attracting and water-repelling chemical groups at either end of long skinny, chain-like molecules. Soap helps one clean up by reducing the surface tension of water, so that it can make direct contact with the dirt. That is, surfactants make water wetter, and help us breathe easy as well.</p>
<p><em>Excerpted from</em> <a href="http://www.physicsofsuperheroes.com/">The Physics of Superheroes Spectacular Second Edition</a><em>. Copyright (c) 2009 by James Kakalios. Reprinted by arrangement with Gotham Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA), Inc.</em></p>
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		<title>11 Very Important Things to Know About Cider</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/40446</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 14:55:22 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[By Erika Janik

Forget the juice; we&#8217;re talking about the hard stuff. Here are 11 facts everyone should know about good old-fashioned apple cider.

1. Back in the 14th century, it is believed that kids were baptized in cider since it was often more sanitary than water.

2. An apple beverage a day? President John Adams drank a [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-40448" title="Screen shot 2009-11-11 at 10.25.55 PM" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Screen-shot-2009-11-11-at-10.25.55-PM.png" alt="Screen shot 2009-11-11 at 10.25.55 PM" width="152" height="239" /><strong>By Erika Janik</strong><br />
<br />
Forget the juice; we&#8217;re talking about the hard stuff. Here are 11 facts everyone should know about good old-fashioned apple cider.<br />
<br />
<strong>1.</strong> Back in the 14th century, it is believed that kids were baptized in cider since it was often more sanitary than water.<br />
<br />
<strong>2. </strong>An apple beverage a day? President John Adams drank a tankard of cider every morning because he believed it promoted good health. And it must have—Adams lived to 90, making him our third longest living president, behind Ford &#038; Reagan.<br />
<br />
<strong>3. </strong>Cider was so important to early Americans that one in every ten farms in New England operated its own cider mill by the time of the American Revolution.</p>
<p><strong>4.</strong> But why didn’t the drink stay popular over the years? The Temperance movement killed the business. Fired up by speeches from ministers and politicians, many farmers destroyed their “demon orchards,” sparing only the trees used for sweet juice. During the years when Prohibition was enacted, American cider production in the fell by 76%.</p>
<p><span id="more-40446"></span><strong>5.</strong> The best cider apples seem to have the best names: Hangdown, Chibble’s Wilding, Kentish Fill-Basket, and Glory of the West.</p>
<p><strong>6.</strong> If you want to make great cider, be sure to practice your <em>wassailing</em>. The English custom, used to appease the deities of the apple trees, was believed necessary to ensure healthy crops. Here’s how to honor the spirits: Place a jug of cider or piece of cider-soaked toast on the biggest apple tree. Then sing a chant or song. Finish by banging on kettles and blowing horns to scare away any evil spirits lingering in your orchard. It’s that easy.</p>
<p><strong>7.</strong> Also, you’ll need lots of apples. It takes about 36 pieces of fruit to make one gallon of the good stuff.</p>
<p><strong>8.</strong> When Caesar and his invading soldiers stormed through England in 55 BCE, they found Celts sipping a brew made from crab apples. The troops were quick to pick up the habit and take it back to Rome.</p>
<p><strong>9.</strong> Other fruits can be used to make cider-like drinks, too. <em>Perry</em> comes from fermented pear juice, <em>cyser</em> is cider fermented with honey, and <em>plum jerkum</em>—made from plums—supposedly has some strange intoxicating effects. According to legend, it leaves “the head clear, while paralyzing the legs.”</p>
<p><strong>10.</strong> Looking for the proper way to care for a dead genius’ brain? For more than 40 years, Einstein’s cranium was stored in a box labeled Costa Cider. Actually, it was stored in two mason jars in the Cider box, under pathologist Thomas Harvey’s sink.</p>
<p><strong>11.</strong> Of course, if this moderately alcoholic beverage doesn’t do it for you, it’s possible to make hard ciders even harder. Apple brandy and applejack are distilled ciders, and applejack, in particular, is really potent. It’s nicknamed the “essence of lockjaw.”</p>
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		<title>Lunchtime Quiz: Who Said It? (Political Edition)</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/40016</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 16:30:40 +0000</pubDate>
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It seems that both politics and politicians rarely change.  America is blessed, however, to have a heritage of colorful political figures who have uttered many memorable saying throughout our history.  Your job is to match the quote to the person who said it.
Take the Quiz: Who Said It? (Political Edition)
]]></description>
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<p>It seems that both politics and politicians rarely change.  America is blessed, however, to have a heritage of colorful political figures who have uttered many memorable saying throughout our history.  Your job is to match the quote to the person who said it.</p>
<p>Take the Quiz: <a target="_blank" href="http://mentalfloss.com/quiz/quiz.php?q=819">Who Said It? (Political Edition)</a></p>
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		<title>8 Things Disney Parks Have Banned</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/39036</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 16:01:35 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/39036"> 
<img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/main-300.jpg" width="300px" border="0" /> 
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<span class="topstory_head"> 
<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/39036">8 Things Disney Parks Have Banned</a>
</span><br />
<p>Disneyland may be the Happiest Place on Earth, but don’t think that means you can just waltz in and do whatever you want.  Here are just a few of the things on which Mickey Mouse has dropped his hammer over the years.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/main-300.jpg" alt="main-300" title="main-300" width="230" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-39040" /><br />
<strong>by Alvin Ward</strong><br />
<br />
Disneyland may be the Happiest Place on Earth, but don’t think that means you can just waltz in and do whatever you want.  In fact, Mickey Mouse’s theme parks have banned quite a few things over the years.  Here are just a few of the things on which the Mouse has dropped his hammer.</p>
<h4>1. Long Hair</h4>
<p>Until the late 1960s, men could either have flowing locks or enjoy Adventureland, but they definitely couldn’t do both.  According to Snopes, if a long-haired fellow tried to buy a ticket, a cast member would discreetly and politely inform the man that his hairdo didn’t jive with the park’s unwritten dress code before escorting him from the park.</p>
<h4>2. Facial Hair</h4>
<p>It’s tough to find a picture of Walt Disney without a mustache, but for decades it was even tougher to find a Disney employee who had a ‘stache of his own.  Starting in 1957, workers at Disney parks were not allowed to have long hair, grow beards, or wear mustaches.  (The underlying logic was that park patrons wouldn’t want to buy a $9 soda from some filthy bearded hippie or mustachioed Snidely Whiplash type.)  </p>
<p>In 2000, Disney was having trouble drumming up enough manpower to staff its parks, so it relaxed the facial hair ban.  Employees were finally allowed to grow mustaches, provided they kept them trimmed and groomed.  Beards didn’t fare so well, though; they stayed on the forbidden list.</p>
<h4>3. Blake Lively</h4>
<p><span id="more-39036"></span><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/blake.jpg" alt="blake" title="blake" width="160" height="185" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-39037" /><br />
How could anyone not like the cute-as-a-button star of <em>Gossip Girl</em>?  Disneyland apparently wasn’t always amused with Lively’s pre-fame antics.  According to Lively, when she was six, she and her older brother used the old put-hairspray-on-a-friend’s-readmission-hand-stamp-to-transfer-the-stamp-to-their-own-skin trick.  It would have been the perfect crime, except security nabbed the Lively kids right as they went through the park’s turnstiles and slapped the pair with a one-year ban.  </p>
<h4>4. Florida State Football Recruits</h4>
<p>In June 2007, four Florida State football recruits met up for a little bit of fun.  Instead of engaging in any of the myriad nefarious acts a group of 18-year-old males are known to favor, the players decided to go to Disney World, which seemed like the very last place in the world they could get into any trouble.  Wrong.  Park officials approached the men, all of whom were African-American, while they hung out in Downtown Disney and ejected them from the park for violating its anti-loitering rules.  Security also hit the players with a lifetime ban from the park in a move that many Disney critics claimed smacked of racial profiling.  </p>
<h4>5. Costumes</h4>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/costume-hamburgler-small.jpg" alt="costume-hamburgler-small" title="costume-hamburgler-small" width="160" height="213" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-39041" />You may want to dress up like Jack Sparrow for a day of riding Pirates of the Caribbean, but if you’re older than nine, forget it.  Disney bans any costumes and masks on anyone who’s ten or older.  Also listed on Disney’s park dress code:  “Makeup that could be construed as part of a costume.” So go easy on the eye shadow—the fashion police might decide you’re shooting for a 19th-century harlot look and give you the heave-ho.<br />
<br />
Similarly, the dress code bans “clothing that accentuates or draws attention to private areas,” a well meaning, if oddly phrased, choice.  Here’s hoping Disney starts handing out unisex burlap smocks at the park gates to avoid any potentially accentuated private areas.  [Image courtesy of reader Christopher Schwarz.]</p>
<h4>6. Gallows</h4>
<p>In early 2008, upstart English punk band Gallows was all set to open for Social Distortion at a gig at the House of Blues at Disneyland.  The bill seemed like a good way to get exposure for a band that was starting to catch on stateside—or it did until Disney officials actually stopped to listen to Gallows’ debut record, <em>Orchestra of Wolves</em>.  Once Disney brass heard Gallows’ tunes, they nixed the show due to the band’s occasionally offensive lyrical content.</p>
<p>While it seems odd to get upset at a punk band for being abrasive, Disney’s move wasn’t unprecedented.  Just a few months earlier, the company had banned the metal band Machine Head from performing at the House of Blues for similar reasons.</p>
<h4>7. Kids</h4>
<p>Kids banned by Disney?  You bet.  In January 2008, Disney announced that children under the age of 10 would no longer be allowed to dine at Victoria &#038; Albert’s, the ritziest restaurant at Disney World’s Grand Floridian Spa and Resort.  The move made news, but Disney officials claimed that the AAA five-diamond-rated restaurant didn’t attract that many children in the first place.  In addition to being pricey, Victoria &#038; Albert’s only offered a fixed-price menu with kid-unfriendly offerings like caviar, so the restaurant only catered to a handful of young diners each year.  </p>
<h4>8. Segways</h4>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/GOB-segway.jpg" alt="GOB-segway" title="GOB-segway" width="200" height="235" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-39039" />GOB Bluth is going to be in quite a bind if he ever tries to ride his Segway into Disneyland.  The company bans Segways from its parks, ostensibly because it’s tough to balance safety issues with the potential for having a fleet of two-wheeled vehicles rolling around the grounds.<br />
<br />
The trouble here, though, is that a lot of disabled people use Segways in lieu of wheelchairs.  These folks were understandably peeved that they couldn’t visit the parks using their preferred mode of transportation, and several of them filed lawsuits.  So far it’s been tough for the Segway riders to get Disney to budge; earlier this fall, a federal judge threw out a class action lawsuit brought against Disney by Segway devotees.  The ruling left an opening for further legal action, though, so this court battle may not be over yet.  </p>
<p><strong><em>Readers have brought up two other things that might not be welcome in Disney parks: Nikita Khrushchev and bubble gum. Alvin has added those stories&#8230;</em></strong></p>
<h4>Nikita Khrushchev?</h4>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/kruschev.jpg" alt="kruschev" title="kruschev" width="200" height="249" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-39192" />Disneyland as a battleground for the Cold War?  Believe it or not, that&#8217;s exactly what it became in 1959.  That year, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev spent 11 days visiting the United States.  He spent one day of the trip in Los Angeles, and the fierce orator wanted to see Disneyland.  However, the LAPD and the rest of Khrushchev&#8217;s security detail were worried about his safety during such a trip, so they nixed the idea.<br />
<br />
Khrushchev accepted the news with characteristic poise, which is to say he exploded.  He ranted, <strong>&#8220;And I say, I would very much like to go and see Disneyland. But then, we cannot guarantee your security, they say. Then what must I do? Commit suicide? What is it? Is there an epidemic of cholera there or something? Or have gangsters taken hold of the place that can destroy me?&#8221;</strong></p>
<h4>Gum?</h4>
<p>Want to chomp on some gum while you&#8217;re standing in line at a Disney park?  <strong>You&#8217;ll have to bring it with you from home.</strong>  In an effort to keep chewed gum from being stuck all over the parks, none of the shops in any Disney theme park sells gum.  Supposedly this innovation came from Walt Disney himself, who wanted to make sure that his guests could enjoy their visits without getting gum stuck to their shoes.  </p>
<blockquote><h2>More from <em>mental_floss</em>&#8230;</h2>
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		<title>Lunchtime Quiz: M*A*S*H</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/38682</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2009 15:30:47 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[

Few TV shows have enjoyed the popularity both during and after their runs as M*A*S*H. It’s been twenty-six years since the series finale. How much about M*A*S*H do you remember? Here are some questions about the show, with a couple questions about the book and movie thrown in.
Take the Quiz: M*A*S*H
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img id="image17610" alt="pagehead_lunchtimequiz550.jpg" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/pagehead_lunchtimequiz550.jpg" /></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://mentalfloss.com/quiz/quiz.php?q=803"><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/quiz_head_MASH.jpg" alt="quiz_head_MASH" title="quiz_head_MASH" width="550" height="153" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-38683" /></a></p>
<p>Few TV shows have enjoyed the popularity both during and after their runs as <em>M*A*S*H</em>. It’s been twenty-six years since the series finale. How much about <em>M*A*S*H</em> do you remember? Here are some questions about the show, with a couple questions about the book and movie thrown in.</p>
<p>Take the Quiz: <a target="_blank" href="http://mentalfloss.com/quiz/quiz.php?q=803">M*A*S*H</a></p>
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		<title>3 Bizarre Cases of Death by Shaving</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/38374</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2009 00:35:08 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/38374"> 
<img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/shaving.jpg" width="300px" border="0" /> 
</a>
<span class="topstory_head"> 
<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/38374">3 Bizarre Cases of Death by Shaving</a>
</span><br />
<p>These days, nothing can be more routine for a man than shaving. If we fear anything about the process, it's that we'll nick ourselves or end up with severe razor burn. But it wasn't always so.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>by Brett &#038; Kate McKay</strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/shaveright.jpg" alt="shaveright" title="shaveright" width="150" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-38375" />These days, nothing can be more routine for a man than shaving. We hardly give a second thought to scraping a razor against our skin each morning. If we fear anything about the process, it&#8217;s that we&#8217;ll nick ourselves or end up with severe razor burn.<br />
<br />
But it wasn&#8217;t always so.<br />
<br />
Shaving was once a dangerous and sometimes lethal endeavor. Before the advent of safety razors and sanitation laws, a man risked his life when he decided to clean up with a close shave. Here are three stories of men who met their end in pursuit of a baby smooth face.</p>
<h4>Michael F. Farley, 1921</h4>
<p><span id="more-38374"></span>Michael F. Farley immigrated to the United States from Ireland in 1881 when he was 18 years old. He ran a successful liquor business in New York and was elected to Congress in 1915. But Mr. Farley&#8217;s Horatio Alger story was cut short after a visit to the barbershop. Little did Mr. Farley know that the badger brush the barber was using to create that nice luxurious lather on his face was contaminated with &#8211; I kid you not- anthrax. Farley was infected with the virus and died a few days later. Who knew a barber brush could be a weapon of mass destruction?</p>
<h4>John Henry Taylor, 1911</h4>
<p>John Henry Taylor was a friendly horticulturalist who decided to take a trip on a Red Line cruise ship back in 1911. In between matches of shuffle board, Mr. Taylor felt his beard was getting a little rough and decided to visit the on-board barber. The waves must have been pretty rough that day because the barber gave ol&#8217; John Henry a little nick on the neck. Because small cuts are par for the course when getting a shave, John Henry didn&#8217;t think much of it and returned to his cabin. But later that night, his throat began to swell up and fill with fluid. The ship doctor said it was just a case of blood poisoning and told Taylor that it would soon heal itself. Two days later the swelling increased, and Taylor could no longer speak. A week after the initial cut, John Henry Taylor suffocated and died from severe <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema">edema</a>.</p>
<h4>John Thoreau, 1841</h4>
<p>John Thoreau was the brother of famous American writer and Transcendentalist, Henry David Thoreau. In the winter of 1841, while taking part in his daily shave, John Thoreau cut himself with his razor. A few days later he came down with lockjaw and died in Henry David&#8217;s arms. His brother&#8217;s death devastated Thoreau. He didn&#8217;t talk to his family or write in his journal for weeks.</p>
<p>Thoreau&#8217;s good friend, Ralph Waldo Emerson, suggested that he go spend some time out in the woods alone near a pond called Walden. Thoreau took this sage advice, and one of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden">America&#8217;s greatest essays was born</a>. All thanks to shaving.</p>
<p><script src="http://digg.com/tools/diggthis.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1600614620?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=stucosuccess-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=1600614620"><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/aom.jpg" alt="aom" title="aom" width="100" height="150" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-38377" /></a><br />
<em>Brett McKay runs <a href="http://artofmanliness.com">The Art of Manliness</a> with his wonderful wife Kate. You can learn how to get a close shave without killing yourself in their new book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1600614620?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=stucosuccess-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=1600614620">The Art of Manliness: Classic Skills and Manner for the Modern Man</a>.</em></p></blockquote>
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		<title>10 Bizarre Uses for Your Discarded Hair</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/37200</link>
		<comments>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/37200#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2009 15:24:30 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/37200">
<img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Screen-shot-2009-10-14-at-10.15.32-PM.png" width="300px" border="0" /></a>
<span class="topstory_head">
<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/37200">10 Bizarre Ways to Recycle Your Hair</a>
</span><br />
<p>Love getting your hair cut, but feel guilty about the mess you leave on the floor? From clothing the world to creating great art, here are 10 ideas for your next trip to SuperCuts. ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Ed. Note: Todays&#8217; guest blog star (and our good friend) Dr. Michael Reed knows hair care. The Manhattan-based dermatologist and hair loss expert has devoted his life to helping folks keep the locks on their heads. He&#8217;s even got a new book out on the topic: </em><em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Womens-Hair-Loss-Hidden-Epidemic/dp/0615309690/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1255966882&amp;sr=8-2" target="_blank">Women&#8217;s Hair Loss: The Hidden Epidemic</a>.</em><em> Today, Dr. Mike&#8217;s taking us through the ten craziest uses for discarded locks.</em></p>
<h4>1. Make History! (or at least a weird representation of it)</h4>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Screen-shot-2009-10-14-at-10.15.32-PM.png" alt="Screen shot 2009-10-14 at 10.15.32 PM" width="462" height="326" /></p>
<p>Earlier this year Beijing hairdresser Huang Xin celebrated the 60th anniversary of Communist China&#8217;s founding with a replica of the buildings and monuments around Tiananmen Square – <a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2009/08/06/2009-08-06_tianmen_hair_.html">all made entirely of human hair</a>.</p>
<h4>2. Stop an Oil Spill!</h4>
<p><span id="more-37200"></span><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Screen-shot-2009-10-19-at-10.20.10-AM.png" alt="Screen shot 2009-10-19 at 10.20.10 AM" width="459" height="302" /></p>
<p>Hairdresser (and hair enthusiast) Phil McCrory was watching CNN coverage on the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill when he noticed the fur on the Alaskan otters soaked with oil. He began testing how much oil he could collect with the hair clippings from his salon and invented the Hair Mat which helped contain an oil spill off the coast of San Francisco in 2007.</p>
<h4>3. Clothe the World (or at least a model)</h4>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Screen-shot-2009-10-19-at-10.22.08-AM.png" alt="Screen shot 2009-10-19 at 10.22.08 AM" width="173" height="236" /></p>
<p>Croatian designers at Artidjana Company used <a href="http://spluch.blogspot.com/2007/05/dress-made-entirely-from-human-hair.html" target="_blank">165 feet of blond hair to make a dress worn by model Simona Gotovac</a>. The outfit was featured at a fashion show in Zagreb. But Artidjiana isn&#8217;t the only one. Julia Reindell one upped the designers by creating an entire fashion line made from human hair for an awards show at the Royal Academy of Art in Piccadilly.</p>
<h4>4. Build a Sturdy Chair</h4>
<p><img title="3260_1_468" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/3260_1_468-142x300.jpg" alt="3260_1_468" width="85" height="180" />Former hairstylist-to-the-stars Ronald Thompson was cleaning hair clippings on the set of <em>Batman Begins</em> when he realized how sturdy a piece of hair was as opposed to fiberglass. He decided to create an eco-friendly alternative to traditional fiberglass molds and <a href="http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/recycled-human-hair-chair" target="_blank">designed the stiletto chair made entirely of human hair</a>.</p>
<h4>5. Use It on the Vegetable Garden</h4>
<p>Calling all gardeners! Need a mulching source that is renewable? Human hair makes an excellent garden mulch. In fact, Phil McCrory (of oil spill clean-up fame—what can I say, the guy loves old hair) also patented a hair mat to be used as garden mulch.</p>
<h4>6. Hang it from Your Walls</h4>
<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-37486" title="Screen shot 2009-10-14 at 10.18.03 PM" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Screen-shot-2009-10-14-at-10.18.03-PM-203x300.png" alt="Screen shot 2009-10-14 at 10.18.03 PM" width="132" height="196" /><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-37485" title="Screen shot 2009-10-14 at 10.17.50 PM" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Screen-shot-2009-10-14-at-10.17.50-PM-300x199.png" alt="Screen shot 2009-10-14 at 10.17.50 PM" width="300" height="199" /></p>
<p>In 2006 Dartmouth College commissioned Chinese artist Wenda Gu to display monument-sized banners woven entirely out of student’s hair. To line their walls, the school held a hair-drive and sent 300 pounds worth of New Hampshire hair to China.</p>
<h4>7. Donate It To Your Fan Club</h4>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Screen-shot-2009-10-14-at-10.19.48-PM-257x300.png" alt="Screen shot 2009-10-14 at 10.19.48 PM" width="154" height="180" />Elvis Presley shaved his manly mane when he went into the service in 1958. More than five decades later those shorn locks showed up for auction to the highest bidder at Leslie Hindman Auctioneers in Chicago. The hair was apparently a gift from Presley himself to the President of his fan club, Gary Pepper.</p>
<h4>8. Turn It Into Jewelry</h4>
<p>During Victorian times preserving a lock of a loved one’s hair as jewelry was all the rage. A lock of hair was immortalized in a pendant and worn as a necklace or a brooch. Although this practice went out of popular fashion at the turn of the Century, <a href="http://www.victorianhairjewelry.com" target="_blank">some artists</a> continue to devote their lives to hair jewelry today.</p>
<h4>9. Donate It to a Museum&#8230;</h4>
<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-37480" title="hairmuseum" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/hairmuseum-300x199.jpg" alt="hairmuseum" width="300" height="199" /></p>
<p>If you’re driving through Independence Missouri any time soon you may want to stop by <a href="http://www.hairwork.com/leila/">Leila’s Hair Museum</a>.  The walls at Leila&#8217;s are adorned with artwork featuring human hair with over 400 antique hair wreaths, hatpins, necklaces, bracelets, broaches and rings all made with human hair. Additionally, Leila claims to have hair from Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, George Washington, Aaron Burr, JFK and John Lennon.</p>
<h4>10. Or Simply Steal It for your Personal Collection</h4>
<p>In 2007 an Australian baggage courier was jailed by a Melbourne judge for stealing women’s hair from their suitcases. Rodney Lyle Petersen pleaded guilty to 50 counts of theft of women’s hair that he collected from the baggage of Qantas passengers. Petersen would apparently pull over in his courier van and rummage through the lost or delayed luggage that he was returning to Qantas passengers. He collected hair from brushes in the suitcases and put them in plastic baggies.</p>
<p><em>Be sure to check out Dr. Reed&#8217;s new book: <a href="http://www.lockandmane.com/womens-hair-loss-the-hidden-epidemic.html">Women&#8217;s Hair Loss: The Hidden Epidemic</a> published by luxury hair care supplier <a href="http://www.lockandmane.com/womens-hair-loss-the-hidden-epidemic.html" target="_blank">Lock &amp; Mane</a></em><a href="www.lockandmane.com"></a><em>. Click here to order, or follow the banner link below. </em></p>
<p><a href="http://www.lockandmane.com/womens-hair-loss-the-hidden-epidemic.html"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-37508" title="mane" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/mane.jpg" alt="mane" width="550" height="112" /></a></p>
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		<title>Lunchtime Quiz: The Occupations of TV Dads</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/35002</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2009 15:30:35 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[

On classic TV sitcoms, sometimes Dad&#8217;s job was front and center (think Ben Cartwright in Bonanza), and other times, it was hopelessly vague (in Leave it to Beaver, Ward Cleaver merely went to &#8220;the office&#8221;). How well do you remember the vocations of various TV patriarchs?
Take the Quiz: TV Dads
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img id="image17610" alt="pagehead_lunchtimequiz550.jpg" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/pagehead_lunchtimequiz550.jpg" /></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/quiz/quiz.php?q=763&#038;p=1"><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/quiz_head_tvcareerdads.jpg" alt="quiz_head_tvcareerdads" title="quiz_head_tvcareerdads" width="550" height="153" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-35003" /></a></p>
<p>On classic TV sitcoms, sometimes Dad&#8217;s job was front and center (think Ben Cartwright in <em>Bonanza</em>), and other times, it was hopelessly vague (in <em>Leave it to Beaver</em>, Ward Cleaver merely went to &#8220;the office&#8221;). How well do you remember the vocations of various TV patriarchs?</p>
<p>Take the Quiz: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/quiz/quiz.php?q=763&#038;p=1">TV Dads</a></p>
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		<title>5 Things You Don&#8217;t Know About IKEA (But Should!)</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/31198</link>
		<comments>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/31198#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2009 14:05:33 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/31198"> 
<img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ikea.jpg" width="300px" border="0" /> 
</a>
<span class="topstory_head"> 
<a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/31198">5 Things You Don't Know About IKEA</a>
</span><br />
<p>It's estimated that 10% of living Europeans were conceived on an IKEA-produced bed. It's time you learned a little more about the company and its continuing quest to install flat pack, streamlined fixtures across the seven continents.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>by Mac Carey</strong></p>
<p><img id="image14679" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/ikea2.jpg" alt="ikea2.jpg" />So, just how popular is IKEA? <strong>It&#8217;s estimated that 10% of living Europeans were conceived on an IKEA-produced bed. </strong>It&#8217;s time you learned a little more about the company, its reclusive owner Ingvar Kamprad (who may or may not be worth more than Bill Gates), and his continuing quest to install flat pack, streamlined fixtures across the seven continents.</p>
<h4>1. It All Started With a Car</h4>
<p>The inspiration for IKEA&#8217;s design philosophy came when taking the legs off of a chair to fit it into a car. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was so irritated by the experience that he developed the concept of flat pack design. The novel packing method had a twofold appeal: it allowed easier shopping for urban Europeans who depended on public transportation, and it also lowered the company&#8217;s shipping costs dramatically. But the store wasn&#8217;t an immediate success. IKEA floundered in Sweden for thirty years (THIRTY YEARS!) before finding an international audience.</p>
<h4>2. The Company Had Some Dark Secrets</h4>
<p><span id="more-31198"></span><img id="image14678" src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/IngvarKamprad.jpg" alt="IngvarKamprad.jpg" width=150 />While we&#8217;ve written about IKEA <a href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/14675">cloaking itself as a charitable institution</a>, that isn&#8217;t the blue and yellow über-store&#8217;s only dirty secret. While Kamprad today is known as a frugal billionaire who drives a &#8216;93 Volvo, eats at middle-class restaurants, and outfits his home entirely in affordable IKEA products, his legacy is tainted by his past involvement with pro-Nazi organizations. Between 1942 and 1945, Kamprad joined, fund-raised, and recruited members for a fascist, Nazi-sympathizing group in Sweden. The news only came out in 1994, when his personal correspondence with fascist Per Engdahl was released to the public. Kamprad immediately apologized for his involvement and claimed it was the biggest regret of his young life. He also wrote to every Jewish employee on his staff to issue a personal apology. </p>
<p>Of course, none of this stopped the information from being a point of controversy when the store first arrived in Israel, but the world seems to have forgiven him. Today IKEA is one of the only international companies to spread to both Israel and Arab countries. In fact, the store is so popular in the Middle East that three people were trampled to death at the store’s 2004 grand opening in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</p>
<h4>3. The Dining Tables Were Too Small for a Turkey</h4>
<p>The beginnings of IKEA in America were inauspicious, with European compact efficiency conflicting with America’s &#8220;bigger is better&#8221; creed. In the 1980s, for example, many customers bought vases, mistaking them for water glasses. They were also wary of a dining room table that couldn’t hold the girth of a full size Thanksgiving turkey. IKEA&#8217;s designers only changed their mindset in how they approached American design after the head of US operations made a stunt of it: He handed out t-shirts to Swedish designers that declared “size matters.” They apparently got the message. </p>
<h4>4. The IKEA Catalogue Is Bigger Than the Bible</h4>
<p><img src="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/IKEA.jpg" alt="IKEA" title="IKEA" width="175" height="208" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-31204" /><br />
The IKEA catalogue was and is the company’s greatest weapon in its arsenal. A 300-page missionary text, it goes out to over 180 million people in 27 different languages. Each year, there are more copies of the IKEA catalogue printed than the Bible.  A bit of a cult following has also developed around the catalogues, with earnest readers on the lookout for hidden messages in the pictures, such as running references to Mickey Mouse and weird, obscure books on the bookshelves.</p>
<h4>5. It&#8217;s a Hipster Hangout</h4>
<p>Despite early stumbles in America, twenty years later, the store has so ingrained itself into our society that a trend amongst urban hipsters is to host dinner parties at the stores. A meal of lingonberry jam and meatballs at the cafeteria for the host and guests, and the living room displays make perfect venues for a round of Taboo and Pictionary. A blog posting chronicling the first party in Sacramento led to a string of copycats across the country. So far, IKEA management doesn&#8217;t seem to be complaining.</p>
<p><script src="http://digg.com/tools/diggthis.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </p>
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		<title>The 5pm Quiz: Monty Python</title>
		<link>http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/30843</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2009 21:00:48 +0000</pubDate>
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The British are known for their stiff upper lips – but also for their sense of the absurd. The six men of Monty Python’s Flying Circus forged a remarkably influential comedy troupe with their willingness to combine highbrow literary and historical references with lowbrow silliness, and they’ve liked nothing better than to point out the [...]]]></description>
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<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/quiz/quiz.php?q=261&#038;p=1"><img src="http://mentalfloss.cachefly.net/quiz/uploads/1207063942498.gif" width=550 alt="python.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>The British are known for their stiff upper lips – but also for their sense of the absurd. The six men of <em>Monty Python’s Flying Circus</em> forged a remarkably influential comedy troupe with their willingness to combine highbrow literary and historical references with lowbrow silliness, and they’ve liked nothing better than to point out the absurdity of, well, stiff upper lips. So don’t stop being silly – see how you do with this quiz about one of the UK’s finest exports.</p>
<p>Take the Quiz: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/quiz/quiz.php?q=261&#038;p=1">Monty Python</a></p>
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