A: You ever notice that every time you’re at the craps table; be it in Las Vegas, Atlantic City, or any old casino riverboat, you see the same sweet old geezer (He’s everywhere). Well, Perhaps, that’s the guy Albert Einstein had in mind when he famously declared, “God does not throw dice.” Of course, there are many who believe that Einstein wasn’t talking literally here (okay, no one believes Einstein was talking literally here). In actuality, what the great scientist did mean when he made his statement was that he didn’t believe a central tenet of quantum theory: that all events could be described only in terms of probability. It’s particularly interesting to note, because Einstein was actually one of the founders of quantum mechanics. His explanation of the photoelectric effect showed that light itself is quantized, and it was this work that won him his Nobel in 1921. Yet, as quantum mechanics developed, he refused to believe in this whole probability business. According to quantum mechanics, two absolutely identical radioactive atoms will probably decay at different times. Einstein believed that there must be something hidden inside the nucleus, a hidden variable that was different for the two. But believe it or not, very sensitive statistical tests performed by experimentalists have shown that Einstein was wrong. There aren’t any hidden variables, at least not the simple kind. So then, it looks like God really does throw dice – and Einstein crapped out.