19 Things You Might Not Know Were Invented by Women

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Necessity isn't the only mother of invention. Though it wasn't always easy to get patents or the credit they deserved, women are responsible for many items we use today.

1. THE PAPER BAG

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America got a brand new paper bag when cotton mill worker Margaret Knight invented a machine to make them with a flat square bottom in 1868. (Paper bags originally looked more like envelopes.) A man named Charles Annan saw her design and tried to patent the idea first. Knight filed a lawsuit and won the patent fair and square in 1871.

2. KEVLAR

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Lightweight, high-tensile Kevlar—five times stronger than steel—will take a bullet for you. DuPont chemist Stephanie Kwolek accidentally invented it while trying to perfect a lighter fiber for car tires and earned a patent in 1966.

3. THE FOOT-PEDAL TRASH CAN

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Lillian Gilbreth improved existing inventions with small, but ingenious, tweaks. In the early 1900s, she designed the shelves inside refrigerator doors, made the can opener easier to use, and tidied up cleaning with a foot pedal trash can. Gilbreth is most famous for her pioneering work in efficiency management and ergonomics with her husband, Frank. Two of their 12 children, Frank Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth, humorously wrote about their home/work collaborations in the book Cheaper by the Dozen.

4. MONOPOLY

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Elizabeth Magie created The Landlord's Game to spread the economic theory of Georgism—teaching players about the unfairness of land-grabbing, the disadvantages of renting, and the need for a single land value tax on owners. Fun stuff! Magie patented the board game in 1904 and self-published it in 1906. Nearly 30 years later, a man named Charles Darrow rejiggered the board design and message and sold it to Parker Brothers as Monopoly. The company bought Magie's patent for the original game for $500 and no royalties.

5. WINDSHIELD WIPERS

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Drivers were skeptical when Mary Anderson invented the first manual windshield wipers in 1903. They thought it was safer to drive with rain and snow obscuring the road than to pull a lever to clear it. (Another woman inventor, Charlotte Bridgwood, invented an automatic version with an electric roller in 1917. It didn't take off, either.) But by the time Anderson's patent expired in 1920, windshield wipers were cleaning up. Cadillac was the first to include them in every car model, and other companies soon followed.

6. DISPOSABLE DIAPERS

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Marion Donovan didn't take all the mess out of diaper changing when she patented the waterproof "Boater" in 1951. But she changed parenting—and well, babies—forever. The waterproof diaper cover, originally made with a shower curtain, was first sold at Saks Fifth Avenue. Donovan sold the patent to the Keko Corporation for $1 million and then created an entirely disposable model a few years later. Pampers was born in 1961.

7. THE DISHWASHER

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Patented in 1886, the first dishwasher combined high water pressure, a wheel, a boiler, and a wire rack like the ones still used for dish drying. Inventor Josephine Cochrane never used it herself, but it made life easier for her servants.

8. LIQUID PAPER

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In the days before the delete key, secretary Bette Nesmith Graham secretly used white tempera paint to cover up her typing errors. She spent years perfecting the formula in her kitchen before patenting Liquid Paper in 1958. Gillette bought her company in 1979 for $47.5 million. And that's no typo.

9. ALPHABET BLOCKS

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Children don't read books by anti-suffrage author Adeline D.T. Whitney these days—and that's probably for the better. But the wooden blocks she patented in 1882 still help them learn their ABCs.

10. THE APGAR SCORE

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Life is a series of tests, starting with the Apgar, named after obstetrical anesthesiologist Dr. Virginia Apgar. In 1952, she began testing newborns one minute and five minutes after birth to determine if they needed immediate care. About 10 years later, the medical community made a backronym—an acronym designed to fit an existing word—to remember the criteria scored: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.

11. MARINE SIGNAL FLARES

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Communication between ships was once limited to colored flags, lanterns, and screaming things like "Thar she blows!" really loudly. Martha Coston didn't come up with the idea for signal flares all by herself. She found plans in a notebook that belonged to her late husband. The determined widow spent 10 years working with chemists and pyrotechnics experts to make the idea a reality. But she was only named administratrix in the 1859 patent—Mr. Coston got credited as the inventor.

12. THE CIRCULAR SAW

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A weaver named Tabitha Babbitt was the first to suggest that lumber workers use a circular saw instead of the two-man pit saw that only cut when pulled forward. She made a prototype and attached it to her spinning wheel in 1813. Babbitt's Shaker community didn't approve of filing a patent, but they took full advantage of the invention.

13. RETRACTABLE DOG LEASH

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New York City dog owner Mary A. Delaney patented the first retractable leading device in 1908. It attached to the collar, keeping pooches under control, while giving them some freedom to roam. Incidentally, someone named R.C. O'Connor patented the first child harness 11 years later. Coincidence? Maybe.

14. SUBMARINE TELESCOPE AND LAMP

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It's difficult to find any in-depth information about early inventor Sarah Mather. Her combination telescope and lamp for submarines, patented in 1845, speaks for itself.

15. FOLDING CABINET BED

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Sarah E. Goode's folding cabinet bed didn't just maximize space in small homes. In 1885, it made her the first African-American woman with a U.S. patent. The fully functional desk could be used by day and then folded down for a good night's sleep. The Murphy bed came along some 15 years later.

16. THE SOLAR HOUSE

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Biophysicist Maria Telkes's place was in the house—the very first 100 percent solar house. In 1947, the Hungarian scientist invented the thermoelectric power generator to provide heat for Dover House, a wedge-shaped structure she conceived with architect Eleanor Raymond. Telkes used Glauber's salt, the sodium salt of sulfuric acid, to store heat in preparation for sunless days. Dover House survived nearly three Massachusetts winters before the system failed.

17. SCOTCHGARD

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Apparently, it takes a stain to fight one. In 1952, 3M chemist Patsy Sherman was perplexed when some fluorochemical rubber spilled on a lab assistant's shoe and wouldn't come off. Without changing the color of the shoe, the stain repelled water, oil, and other liquids. Sherman and her co-inventor Samuel Smith called it Scotchgard. And the rest is ... preserving your couch.

18. INVISIBLE GLASS

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Katharine Blodgett, General Electric's first female scientist, discovered a way to transfer thin monomolecular coatings to glass and metals in 1935. The result: glass that eliminated glare and distortion, which revolutionized cameras, microscopes, eyeglasses, and more.

19. COMPUTERS

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Women in computer science have a role model in Grace Hopper. She and Howard Aiken designed Harvard's Mark I computer, a five-ton, room-sized machine in 1944. Hopper invented the compiler that translated written language into computer code and coined the terms "bug" and "debugging" when she had to remove moths from the device. In 1959, Hopper was part of the team that developed COBOL, one of the first modern programming languages.

Master Baker Apollonia Poilâne Teaches a New Online Course in Making World-Class Bread

Apollonia Poilâne teaches bread baking on MasterClass
Apollonia Poilâne teaches bread baking on MasterClass
Image Courtesy of MasterClass

This article contains affiliate links to products selected by our editors. Mental Floss may receive a commission for purchases made through these links.

People have been hopping on a number of at-home food trends in the age of quarantine, like testing out whipped dalgona coffee or trying their hand at the bizarre pancake cereal experiment. But nothing caught on quite like the time-tested practice of baking bread. And beyond the simple loaf, baking sourdough bread, in particular, has been one of the pandemic's most ubiquitous hobbies.

If you're still looking to get your bread just right, you can learn how to bake the perfect loaf from esteemed baker Apollonia Poilâne in her new course from MasterClass. Poilâne is the CEO of Poilâne Bakery, one of the world's most famous boulangeries, which was founded by her grandfather, Pierre Léon Poilâne, in 1932. In this course, Poilâne shares her family’s method for making five kinds of bread, including brioche, rustic wheat, rye, corn flour bread, and, of course, sourdough starter. These are methods that have been nurtured from philosophies and refined knowledge over eight decades.

No matter your skill level or familiarity with bread baking, there is so much to be gained from Poilâne’s class. She not only offers expertise and refined techniques, but also inspirational anecdotes about both life and cooking. She shares her love and passion for baking, which she calls an “essential and beautiful craft,” with a deep sense of pride in her family's rich tradition. It is both informational and incredibly soothing.

Growing up around bread and boulangeries her entire life, Poilâne started her apprenticeship at 16 years old. She found herself running the world-renowned bakery at 18 years old after both her parents passed away in a helicopter accident. A year later, she started, and eventually completed, a degree in economics at Harvard, all while helping to run the business as a student. She has since been instrumental in the bakery’s adaptability, growing its e-commerce business and expanding both manufacturing and boutiques to new locations.

The course itself includes 17 lessons, all of which are under 20 minutes. To learn more about Apollonia Poilâne's class, head over to the MasterClass website where you can sign up for a subscription to this class and dozens of others for $15 per month.

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19 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Beethoven

Beethoven-Haus, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Beethoven-Haus, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain

Ludwig van Beethoven, one of the greatest composers who ever lived, was born in December 1770 in Bonn, Germany, to a musical family. His grandfather and father were both singers in the state choir. Stubborn and self-involved, dramatic yet loving of his friends, Beethoven would become a virtuoso pianist and canonical composer of nine symphonies, concertos for piano, piano sonatas, and string quartets. His oeuvre spanned the period between the Classical style, characterized by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn, and Romantic style, led by Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt, and created a new vocabulary of humanism and enlightenment in music. Having performed brilliantly for much of his youth and into his early thirties, Beethoven slowly lost his hearing, yet went on to write many of the most important works in musical history.

To celebrate the 250th birthday of Ludwig van Beethoven this month, here’s a list of things you might not know about this beloved artist, with information from Jan Swafford’s biography Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph.

1. Ludwig van Beethoven was the third Ludwig in the Beethoven family.

The first was his grandfather, and the second was Beethoven’s older brother, who died six days after his birth.

2. Ludwig van Beethoven’s father hustled his son into performing.

Early on, Johann van Beethoven noticed the boy’s penchant for playing. He set his sights on creating a prodigy just as Mozart had been a couple of decades before. Johann forced his son to practice day and night to reach the same level of genius. Neighbors of Beethoven remembered the small boy standing on a bench to reach the keyboard, crying, as his father loomed over him.

3. Ludwig van Beethoven was bad at math.

Having left school at age 11 to help with household income, Beethoven never learned how to multiply or divide. To his last day, if he had to multiply, say, 60 x 52, he’d lay out 60 52 times and add them up.

4. Ludwig van Beethoven was a notorious daydreamer.

Once, while speaking to family friend Cäcilie Fischer, she noticed him zoning out. When she demanded a reply to what she’d said, his answer was, “I was just occupied with such a lovely, deep thought, I couldn’t bear to be disturbed.”

5. On his first visit to Vienna, 17-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven performed for Mozart.

Mozart, then the greatest composer in Vienna, was generally unimpressed with other musicians, being so far ahead of his peers in talent and accomplishments. No one really knows what happened in the recital, but apocryphally, Mozart allegedly walked out of the room saying, “Keep your eyes on him—someday he’ll give the world something to talk about.”

6. Ludwig van Beethoven’s performances were known for improvisation.

One of Beethoven’s contemporaries, composer Johann Baptist Cramer, told his students that if you haven’t heard Beethoven improvise, you haven’t heard improvisation.

7. Ludwig van Beethoven learned from Haydn.

After moving to Vienna in his early 20s, Beethoven took lessons from Joseph Haydn, father of the symphony. As per Beethoven’s habit with teachers, the two often got frustrated with each other, and ultimately didn’t like each other very much.

8. Ludwig van Beethoven pioneered composition for piano.

Beethoven’s predecessors had composed for harpsichord, but Beethoven decided he would focus his efforts on the piano, an instrument for which no one had yet written comprehensive work.

9. Romantically, Ludwig van Beethoven had mixed results.

Some women admired him for his genius, while others found him repulsive. A woman he courted once called him “ugly and half crazy.”

10. Ludwig van Beethoven was sickly throughout his life.

Born at a time without modern medicine, Beethoven suffered from deafness, colitis, rheumatism, rheumatic fever, typhus, skin disorders, abscesses, a variety of infections, ophthalmia, inflammatory degeneration of the arteries, jaundice, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis of the liver.

11. Ludwig van Beethoven’s deafness probably resulted from childhood illness.

Though Beethoven attributed the beginning of his deafness to an instance in which he was startled and fell, it was likely a side effect of a disease he had suffered from as a child, such as typhus or smallpox. He began to hear constant buzzing at age 27.

12. Ludwig van Beethoven wrote sonatas for his love interests.

Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-Sharp Minor, popularly called Moonlight Sonata, was a hit from the time of its completion in 1801. The following year Beethoven dedicated it to his pupil and main squeeze Countess Giulietta Guicciardi.

13. Ludwig van Beethoven hated giving piano lessons.

He made exception for truly talented students or attractive young women of whatever level of talent.

14. Ludwig van Beethoven controlled his public image.

The composer set the tone of critiques of his work in the leading music journal of the day, the Allgemein musikalische Zeitung (AMZ), telling the editor to back off with negative comments if he wanted to receive copies of the musician’s work.

15. Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony No. 3 in E-Flat Major was dedicated to Napoleon.

At first, Beethoven admired Napoleon as a symbol of revolution and new era in Europe, and wrote his third symphony, also called Eroica, as he considered moving to Paris. Later Beethoven would be disappointed that the French general crowned himself emperor, but the symphony would be a defining artistic work of the German enlightenment.

16. Friedrich Schiller provided lyrics for Ludwig van Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.

Schiller, a leading German philosopher, published his poem An die Freude (Ode to Joy) in 1786 [PDF]. Beethoven adapted the poem for the glorious choral climax of his Symphony No. 9 in D Minor, first performed in 1824.

17. Ludwig van Beethoven never quit his day job.

Despite his acclaim, the composer always had to work hard to ensure a comfortable living by giving piano lessons, writing work commissioned by wealthy Viennese citizens, and publishing his own music.

18. Ludwig van Beethoven died during a thunderstorm.

In 1827, at age 56, Beethoven died from a constellation of possible maladies, including cirrhosis, syphilis, lead poisoning, or infection (the exact cause is unknown). Gerhard von Breuning, the son of Beethoven’s friend Stephan von Breuning, compared the occasion to the composer’s symphonies with “crashes that sound like hammering on the portals of Fate.”

19. Thousands joined the procession at Ludwig van Beethoven’s burial.

Vienna’s leading composers, playwrights, poets, and citizens‚ took part at the city’s Währing cemetery. His monument said, simply, "BEETHOVEN."