20 Words We Owe to Shakespeare

Getty Images/Edward Gooch
Getty Images/Edward Gooch

No high school English curriculum is complete without a mandatory dose of William Shakespeare, and no American teenager makes it to graduation without whining about how boring it is to learn about iambic pentameter. As contemporary speakers of the English language, however, they might be interested to learn how much the Bard of Avon had in common with the generations that popularized the acronyms LOL and OMG and reinvented the 1940s slang term “hipster.” Endlessly imaginative and not overly concerned with grammatical convention, Shakespeare’s scripts contain over 2200 never-before-seen words—a diverse collection of loan-words from foreign languages, compound words from existing English terms, nouns turned into verbs, and creatively applied prefixes—many of which have entered into everyday language. Here are 20 examples of words we can thank Shakespeare for.

1. Addiction: Othello, Act II, Scene II

“It is Othello's pleasure, our noble and valiant general, that, upon certain tidings now arrived, importing the mere perdition of the Turkish fleet, every man put himself into triumph; some to dance, some to make bonfires, each man to what sport and revels his addiction leads him.” – Herald

If not for that noble and valiant general and his playwright, our celebrity news coverage might be sorely lacking.

2. Arch-villain: Timon of Athens, Act V, Scene I

“You that way and you this, but two in company; each man apart, all single and alone, yet an arch-villain keeps him company.” – Timon

With the added prefix of arch-, meaning more extreme than others of the same type, Shakespeare was able to distinguish the baddest of the bad.

3. Assassination: Macbeth, Act I, Scene VII

“If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done quickly: if the assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch with his surcease success.” – Macbeth

Though the term “assassin” had been observed in use prior to the Scottish play, it seems apt that the work introduced yet another term for murder most foul.

4. Bedazzled: The Taming of the Shrew, Act IV, Scene V

“Pardon, old father, my mistaking eyes, that have been so bedazzled with the sun that everything I look on seemeth green.” – Katherina

A word first used to describe the particular gleam of sunlight is now used to sell rhinestone-embellished jeans. Maybe poetry really is dead.

5. Belongings: Measure for Measure, Act I, Scene I

“Thyself and thy belongings are not thine own so proper as to waste thyself upon thy virtues, they on thee.” – Duke Vincentio

People prior to Shakespeare’s time did own things; they just referred to them by different words.

6. Cold-blooded: King John, Act III, Scene I

“Thou cold-blooded slave, hast thou not spoke like thunder on my side, been sworn my soldier, bidding me depend upon thy stars, thy fortune and thy strength, and dost thou now fall over to my fores?” – Constance

Beyond its literal meaning, the 17th-century play initiated a metaphorical use for the term that is now most often used to describe serial killers and vampires—two categories which, of course, need not be mutually exclusive.

7. Dishearten: Henry V, Act IV, Scene I

“Therefore when he sees reason of fears, as we do, his fears, out of doubt, be of the same relish as ours are: yet, in reason, no man should possess him with any appearance of fear, lest he, by showing it, should dishearten his army.” – King Henry V

The opposite of “hearten,” a word already extant at the time of Shakespeare’s writing, “dishearten” was most appropriately first utilized in print by King Henry V, who didn’t let insurmountable odds at the Battle of Agincourt get him down.

8. Eventful: As You Like It, Act II, Scene VII

“Last scene of all, that ends this strange eventful history, is second childishness and mere oblivion, sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.” - Jaques

If all the world’s a stage, it’s safe to assume that an event or two is taking place.

9. Eyeball: The Tempest, Act I, Scene II

“Go make thyself like a nymph o' the sea: be subject to no sight but thine and mine, invisible to every eyeball else.” – Prospero

Shakespeare’s protagonist Prospero, though no medical doctor, can claim to be the first fictional character to name those round objects with which we see.

10. Fashionable: Troilus and Cressida, Act III, Scene III

“For time is like a fashionable host that slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand, and with his arms outstretch'd, as he would fly, grasps in the comer: welcome ever smiles, and farewell goes out sighing.” – Ulysses

And with just 11 letters, centuries of debate over what’s hot or not began.

11. Half-blooded/hot-blooded: King Lear, Act V, Scene III/ Act III, Scene III

Half-blooded fellow, yes.” – Albany

“Why, the hot-blooded France, that dowerless took our youngest born, I could as well be brought to knee his throne, and, squire-like; pension beg to keep base life afoot.” – Lear

As is the tradition in Shakespearean tragedy, nearly everyone in King Lear dies, so the linguistic fascination here with blood is unsurprising, to say the least.

12. Inaudible: All’s Well That Ends Well, Act V, Scene III

“Let's take the instant by the forward top; for we are old, and on our quick'st decrees the inaudible and noiseless foot of Time steals ere we can effect them.” – King of France

One of a number of words (invulnerable, indistinguishable, inauspicious, among others) which Shakespeare invented only in the sense of adding a negative in- prefix where it had never been before.

13. Ladybird: Romeo and Juliet, Act I, Scene III

“What, lamb! What, ladybird! God forbid! Where's this girl? What, Juliet!” – Nurse

Although the Oxford English Dictionary notes that this particular term of endearment has fallen into disuse, maybe it’s about time for its comeback. Valentine’s Day is coming up, after all.

14. Manager: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act V, Scene I

“Where is our usual manager of mirth? What revels are in hand? Is there no play to ease the anguish of a torturing hour?” – King Theseus

If not for Shakespeare, workday complaining in the office break room just wouldn’t be the same.

15. Multitudinous: Macbeth, Act II, Scene II

“No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas in incarnadine, making the green one red.” – Macbeth

“Multitudinous” may not be the most appropriate synonym when the phrase “a lot” starts to crop up too often in your writing, but it’s certainly the one with the most letters.

16. New-fangled: Love’s Labour’s Lost, Act I, Scene I

“At Christmas I no more desire a rose than wish a snow in May's new-fangled mirth.” – Biron

Ironically, this word sounds old-fashioned if used today.

17. Pageantry: Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Act V, Scene II

“This, my last boon, give me, for such kindness must relieve me, that you aptly will suppose what pageantry, what feats, what shows, what minstrelsy, and pretty din, the regent made in Mytilene to greet the king.” – Gower

Although modern scholars generally agree that Shakespeare only appears to have written the second half of the play, this newly invented term for an extravagant ceremonial display appears in the section definitively authored by the Bard.

18. Scuffle: Antony and Cleopatra, Act I, Scene I

“His captain's heart, which in the scuffles of great fights hath burst the buckles on his breast, reneges all temper, and is become the bellows and the fan to cool a gipsy's lust.” – Philo

Another example of an existing verb that Shakespeare decided could stand up just as well as a noun.

19. Swagger: Henry V, Act II, Scene IV/A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act III, Scene I

“An't please your majesty, a rascal that swaggered with me last night.” – Williams

“What hempen home-spuns have we swaggering here, so near the cradle of the fairy queen?” – Puck

By transitive property, Shakespeare is responsible for Justin Bieber’s “swag.”

20. Uncomfortable: Romeo and Juliet, Act IV, Scene V

“Despised, distressed, hated, martyr'd, kill'd! Uncomfortable time, why camest thou now to murder, murder our solemnity?” - Capulet

Un- was another prefix Shakespeare appended to adjectives with a liberal hand. In the case of Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy in which a father mourns his daughter’s suicide, “uncomfortable” seems to have originated with a slightly more drastic sense than how we use it now.

Of course, just because the first written instances of these terms appeared in Shakespeare’s scripts doesn’t preclude the possibility that they existed in the oral tradition prior to his recording them, but as Shakespeare might have said, it was high time (The Comedy of Errors) for such household words (Henry V).

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11 Wonderful Old Words for Lunch

The Afternoon Meal (La Merienda) by Luis Meléndez, circa 1772
The Afternoon Meal (La Merienda) by Luis Meléndez, circa 1772
Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Jack and Belle Linsky Collection, 1982 // Public Domain

There are many kinds of lunch. There are brown-bag ones, three-martini ones, power ones, and working ones. There are ones “for wimps” and ones for “ladies,” though, alas, there are no “free” ones. As soon as English speakers settled on the term lunch for the midday meal they began using adjectives to describe its different types. Before then—in the 17th and 18th centuries—there were as many words for lunch as there were varieties of it. Below is a lexicon of some of these splendid words.

1. Luncheon

Now associated with business meetings or the social customs of the 1950s, lunch’s stuffier cousin has humble origins. “As much food as one’s hand can hold,” is Dr. Johnson’s 1755 definition. By 1829, it still had a whiff of vulgarity. “The word lunch is adopted in that ‘glass of fashion,’ Almanacks, and luncheon is avoided as unsuitable to the polished society there exhibited,” wrote Henry Beste.

2. Nuncheon

Nunchion, noontion, noonshyns, noneschenche—there were many spellings for this “noon drink,” none of which survived to the present day despite nuncheon being one of the most popular terms for lunch over several centuries. It was Jane Austen’s preferred term, though she spelled it in a completely original way (as she did almost everything else): noonshine.

3. Nooning

What a shame this charming appellation was never as popular as lunch, luncheon, or nuncheon and wasn’t regularly used after the 19th century. As one advocate of nooning declared in 1823, “no refined ear could like the words compounded of unch.”

4. Aunders-meat

After this Anglo-Saxon term fell out of use in the 17th century, Alfred Thomas Story made a case for its revival in 1899. “I would rather have words like ‘aunders-meat’ than ‘déjeuner à la fourchette,’” he wrote. “I have no objection to words from foreign sources … but it seems a pity to go over-seas for help when we have such quarries at our feet.”

5. Beaver

No actual beavers were harmed in the eating of this meal. It was simply “an afternoon’s luncheon,” according to a children’s spelling dictionary from 1726. Also spelled bever, it comes from the French verb “to drink” because a libation (usually ale or beer) was an important part of beaver—even for children.

6. Tiffin

Like many a Brit in the 18th century, this English colloquialism for a drink made its way to India, where it found new life as the fashionable term for lunch. By 1869 it had returned home where, according to the publisher and sometimes-pornographer John Camden Hotten, it was “fast losing [its] Slang character” and becoming a “regularly-recognised” English word.

7. Merenda

With the rise of tourism in the 18th century, this Italian word for lunch was fashionable to know among theEnglish elite.

8. Collation

The name for a simple monk’s meal called a collatio entered English by way of French. By 1664, the diarist Samuel Pepys could boast of eating a delicious “collacion of anchovies, gammon, &c.” The term survives in Italy, where colazione means breakfast, except in the north, where it often means lunch.

9. Nacket

Knowledge of this chiefly Scottish word allows one to properly interpret a line from Walter Scott’s 1821 novel, The Pirate: “She could not but say, that the young gentleman’s nacket looked very good.” You see, he packed a very fine lunch.

10. Twal-hours

Another word of Scottish origin, this “noon-hour” meal could be a very social affair featuring a buffet of “flour scones, a plate of fresh butter, and a mug of black-currant jelly.”

11. Elevener

Like twal-hours and nooning, elevener is one of the many words named for the hour at which lunch is eaten. In 1823, Edward Moor included it in a lengthy list of words for lunch that he admitted was (like this list) incomplete: “There may—mercy on us ! be others of which I have not heard.”